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==== Argentina: Social vulnerability and integrated risk (SVIR) ======

==== Data overview ====

The social vulnerability indicators for Argentina are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education,and health. The dataset of Argentina is composed of 57 indicators at level P2 of subnational geographic organization given in 527 subdivision distributed into parishes known in Argentina as: departmentos, partidos and comunas. The chart below explains the percentage of variables in the total dataset under each specific main theme.\\
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Figure 1\\
{{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:pie_chart_indicators.png?500 |}}

The entire 57 indicators were statistically analyzed. In addition to a harmonized dataset, a reduction of the socio-economic indicators into a smaller parsimonious set of variables that best represent social and economic vulnerability cluster analysis was performed. The multi-variable statistical analysis was utilized to provide a statistical basis for the choice of indicators.\\
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Table 1. Argentina variables of social Vulnerability\\
^Theme^Sub-theme^Variable^
|Population| Population Structure|Population|
|Population| Population Structure|Male Population |
|Population| Population Structure|Population Density (inhabitants/km2) |
|Population| Population Structure|Number of Households|
|Population	|Population Structure|Total Dwellings|
|Population	|Population Structure|Dwelling Type - House |
|Population	|Population Structure|Dwelling Type - Apartment Building |
|Population	|Population Structure|Dwelling Type - Tenement (Inquilinato) |
|Population	|Population Structure|Dwelling Type - Hut |
|Population	|Population Structure|Multi residential building, hotels, hospitals |
|Population	|Population Structure|Household - property owned fully paid |
|Population	|Population Structure|Household - Property owned but paying mortgage |
|Population	|Population Structure|Number of people per Household|
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Female Population |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Population Age 0 -14 |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Labor Force Age 15-64  |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Population living in collective housing |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Population over 65|
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Population living Dwelling with unadequated physical Characteristics |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Population living in Overcrowded Dwellings |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Household  - Paying monthly rent |
|Population	|Vulnerable Population|Population under 5 years old |
|Population|Vulnerable Population|Native Indigeneous Population |
|Population|Vulnerable Population|Age dependance |
|Population|Vulnerable Population|Population not in the labor force (Age 0-15 and 65+)|
|Population|Vulnerable Population|Homeless Population |
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Households with accessto improved water source |
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Household with NO bathroom |
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Household with shared bathroom |
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|NO Natural Gas public distribution|
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Natural Gas public network distribution|
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Households with NO access to improved water source |
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Households with No Electric Energy Access |
|Infrastructure|Energy, Water and Sanitation|Household with poor provision of Public Services |
|Infrastructure|Transport and Communication|Mobile cellular subscriptions |
|Infrastructure|Transport and Communication|Population with Computer Access |
|Infrastructure|Transport and Communication|Population with NO Computer Access |
|Infrastructure|Transport and Communication|In Household Computer |
|Infrastructure|Transport and Communication|Household with NO fixed Telephone line |
|Infrastructure|Transport and Communication|Telephone lines |
|Health|Healthcare resources|Hospital Clinics|
|Health|Healthcare resources|Hospital , Clinics per 1000 population|
|Health|Healthcare status|Population with no healthcare |
|Education|Education Outcome|Population Knows how to Read and Write |
|Education|Education Outcome|Illiteracy Rate|
|Education|Education Outcome|Education Level completed Primary |
|Education|Education Outcome|Education Level Secondary |
|Education|Education Outcome|Education Level Completed (Superior, Technical, University) |
|Education|Education Outcome|Population with NO formal education|
|Education|Education Outcome|Population that does not read and Write (15+ years)|
|Economy|Income distribution and Poverty|Population with One unsatisfied basic need|
|Economy|Labour Market|Economically Active Population (EAP) with a Job |
|Economy|Labour Market|Economically Active Population (EAP) with no Job |
|Economy|Labour Market|Population Non Economically Active |
|Economy|Labour Market|Population employeed in the Manufacturing Industry (15-64) |
|Economy|Labour Market|Population employed in the Hotels/Restaurant sector |
|Economy|Labour Market|Population employeed in the Commercial Industry (15-64) |

==== Final variable selection ====

A correlation analysis was performed on the above variables (table 1). Highly correlated variables (Spearman’s R>0.700) were eliminated from further consideration to avoid subjectively choosing one variable over another for inclusion in subsequent analyses. The correlation analysis is useful in reducing the data to a set of variables that are parsimonious and acceptable to represent the social vulnerability of the Argentinian population.\\
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Table 2. Argentina final variable selection
^Theme^Sub-theme^Variable^
|Population|Population structure|Female population (%)|
|Population|Population structure|Number of people per household|
|Population|Population structure|Population Density (people/sqkm)|
|Population|vulnerable population|Households paying rent (%)|
|Population|vulnerable population|Homeless population (%)|
|Population|vulnerable population|Native indigeneous population (%)|
|Population|vulnerable population|Age dependance (%)|
|Infrastructure|Energy, water, and sanitation|No natural gas public distribution (%)|
|Infrastructure|Energy, water, and sanitation|Households with no access to improved water source (%)|
|Education|Education outcome|Population with no formal education (%)|
|Economy|Labor market|Population working in the manufacturing Industry (15-64) (%)|
|Economy|Labor market|Population working in the Hotel/restaurant sector (15-64) (%)|
|Economy|Labor market|Population working in the commercial Industry (15-64) (%)|
|Economy|Income distribution and poverty|Population economically active with no job (%)|
|Health|Healthcare status|Population with no healthcare (%)|
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==== Social Vulnerability components ====

The social vulnerability scores for Argentina at subnational level reveals the spatial distribution of the socio-economic conditions of the population across the country. The following figures provide the social vulnerability subcomponents obtained for Argentina. For instance, the spatial distribution of the education subcomponent shows low levels of social vulnerability around the Buenos Aires province, this province is characterized for the urban setting and provides good access to education to the population (figure 2A). Likewise, the economic sub-component shows high levels of social vulnerability around Buenos Aires and Santa Fe provinces where Argentina’s economy activity is concentrated (figure 2B). Likewise, the social vulnerability sub-components for health, infrastructure, and vulnerable population (Figure 2 C,D,E) show low levels of social vulnerability around the major urban centers such as, Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario, Santa Fe, etc  \\
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Figure 2\\
| {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:3_argentina_education.jpg?300 |}}  |  {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:4_argentina_economy.jpg?300 |}}  |{{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:5_argentina_health.jpg?300 |}}  |
|  (A)  |  (B)  |  (C)  |\\
|  {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:2_argentina_infrastructure.jpg?300 |}} | {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:1_argentina_population.jpg?300 |}}  | 
|  (D)  |  (E)  |

==== Integrated Risk ====

The five components of social vulnerability (population, economy, education, infrastructure and health) are subsequently aggregated and normalized to produce the final social vulnerability score (Figure 3A). The spatial distribution of the integrated risk for Argentina is obtained from combining the social vulnerability and the risk average annual losses indexes (figure 3B). High integrated risk can be understood as those subnational areas experiencing high seismicity, high physical earthquake risk, and high levels of social vulnerability. In the case of Argentina we can see from the spatial distribution that integrated risk index (figure 3C) is higher at those sub-national parishes in the North West part of the country towards the Andes mountains in the western part of the country. This zone is characterized for experiencing high seismicity and also high levels of social vulnerability. The east and central part of the country around the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Rosario , La plata, remains in a low social vulnerability and integrated risk area as these can be considered low seismic risk zones.\\
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Figure 3
| {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:2_argentina_social.jpg?300 |}}  |  {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:1_argentina_physical.jpg?300 |}}  | {{ :social_vulnerability:argentina:3_argentina_integrated.jpg?300 |}} |
|  (A)  |  (B)  |  (C)  |