The social vulnerability indicators for Peru are spread over the themes of population, economy, infrastructure, education,and health. The dataset of Peruis composed by 65 indicators at level P3 of subnational geographic organization given in 1833 subdivisions distributed into parishes known in Peru as distritos. The chart below (figure 1) explains the percentage of variables in the total dataset under each specific main theme.

Figure 1


Indicators are separated into groups (or sub-indices) that share the same dimension (e.g. population, economy, infrastructure, etc.). These individual indicators are aggregated into sub-indices, and the sub-indices are, in turn, aggregated to construct the final composite model. Table 1 shows the entire dataset variables for Peru divided in the respective themes and subthemes.
Table 1. Peru variables of social vulnerability

A correlation analysis was performed on the above variables (table 1). Highly correlated variables (Spearman’s R>0.700) were eliminated from further consideration to avoid subjectively choosing one variable over another for inclusion in subsequent analyses. The correlation analysis is useful in reducing the data to a set of variables that are parsimonious and acceptable to represent the social vulnerability of the population in Peru.

Table 2. Peru final variable selection

The social vulnerability index for Peru contains five subcomponents: vulnerable population, economy, education, and infrastructure (figure 2). The spatial distribution of the subcomponents shows high levels of social vulnerability for most part in the rural parishes away from major cities (figure 2 A,B,C). The Economy subcomponent is the exception (figure 2D) it shows high levels of vulnerability in the major cities e.g. Lima, Callao, Trujillo, Chiclayo, this is due to the fact that major cities in Peru are the economical centers and population's livelihoods are highly dependable on economic activities within the city.
Figure 2. Peru subcomponents of social vulnerability

(A)	(B)	(C)

(D)	(E)

The spatial distribution of the integrated risk for Peru is obtained from combining the social vulnerability and the risk average annual losses indexes. High integrated risk can be understood as those subnational areas experiencing high seismicity, high physical earthquake risk, and high levels of social vulnerability. The social vulnerability index for Peru (figure 15B) reveals that rural parishes experience the highest levels of social vulnerability, The five components of social vulnerability were summed and normalized to produce the final social vulnerability score. The parishes located in the Andes mountains remain moderate to high in the scale of social vulnerability although they are located in the high seismicity zone. The integrated risk spatial distribution for Peru (figure 15C) shows high risk at both Andes mountains urban, but also in the parishes composing the major urban centers, meaning that the seismic high risk zones as shown in the physical risk index (figure 15A) play an important role when defining the integrated risk. The major urban centers of Peru located in the coastal zones are also high risk areas as they are the economic centers and hold many physical assets that would result in high losses.

Figure 3. Integrated risk index

(A)	(B)	(C)